纵深大区域煤层群开采覆岩活动规律相似模拟

以大同矿区"双系"煤层群协同开采为工程背景,相似模拟实验研究了纵深大区域煤层群开采覆岩位移、裂隙及应力演化分布规律。结果表明:侏罗系近距离煤层群采用刀柱式与走向长壁式开采交错布置方式,形成不同的组合开采模式,表现出不同的覆岩破断特征,应力集中现象突出;石炭系特厚煤层开采致使覆岩大面积垮落,与上部侏罗系煤层群形成了复杂的多层采空区连通状态,且受侏罗系煤柱叠加应力影响,工作面来压频繁、覆岩活动剧烈。纵深大区域煤层群覆岩应力应变形态作为耦合时变系统,随煤层开采经历了"平衡—失稳—平衡"循环变化过程。     

Conditional Water Rights in the Western United States: Introducing Uncertainty to Prior Appropriation?

In the prior‐appropriation water rights regimes that prevail in the arid western United States, claims to annually variable surface water flows are fulfilled based on the order of their establishment. The two‐step process used to establish an appropriative water right in all 17 conterminous western states creates a temporary phase, or conditional water right, which has a priority date but no actual water use. We provide a review of the legal basis for these conditional water rights and demonstrate the potential uncertainty they introduce to current water users. We then present a complete census of conditional water rights in Colorado, including their amounts, ages, and uses. At the end of 2012 there were a large number of conditional water rights in Colorado (some over 90 years old) equal to 61% of the perfected water rights. Many of the controversial conditional water rights in Colorado have been associated with unconventional oil production in the northwestern portion of the state; however, conditional water rights are ubiquitous across the state and across many use types. In several basins, their existence can introduce uncertainty to some of the most senior water rights holders. Nevertheless, in most of the state, the effects of conditional water rights are restricted to a relatively junior class of water users. This work quantifies for the first time the result, in one state, of a peculiar aspect of water law common across all western prior‐appropriation states.     

The Potential Conservation Value of Non‐Native Species

Abstract: Non‐native species can cause the loss of biological diversity (i.e., genetic, species, and ecosystem diversity) and threaten the well‐being of humans when they become invasive. In some cases, however, they can also provide conservation benefits. We examined the ways in which non‐native species currently contribute to conservation objectives. These include, for example, providing habitat or food resources to rare species, serving as functional substitutes for extinct taxa, and providing desirable ecosystem functions. We speculate that non‐native species might contribute to achieving conservation goals in the future because they may be more likely than native species to persist and provide ecosystem services in areas where climate and land use are changing rapidly and because they may evolve into new and endemic taxa. The management of non‐native species and their potential integration into conservation plans depends on how conservation goals are set in the future. A fraction of non‐native species will continue to cause biological and economic damage, and substantial uncertainty surrounds the potential future effects of all non‐native species. Nevertheless, we predict the proportion of non‐native species that are viewed as benign or even desirable will slowly increase over time as their potential contributions to society and to achieving conservation objectives become well recognized and realized.     

泥石流入汇对河流河床演变的影响

通过对现有文献资料的总结，探讨了泥石流入汇后随主河水流运动的几种可能形态和运动特点，分析了主河河床的演变情况，并提出按主支流水沙相互作用的大小，将主河河床演变分为弯曲、摆动和急流－深潭3种类型；对不同类型河流河床演变进行了分析，为进行泥石流入汇对主河水流运动与河床演变影响的研究奠定了基础。     

重、特大煤矿事故的时间规律

针对1970年以来1400多起重、特大煤矿事故,应用统计分析方法,探讨了煤矿重、特大事故的时间规律以及不同事故类型与死亡人数之间的关系,发现重、特大煤矿事故与月份、每天不同时间段等有一定相关.每年11、4、3、5、6等月份重、特大事故较多,2月份事故次数最少(Asymp Sig=0.018),时间上重、特大事故高峰时段主要集中在9:00-13:00(Asymp Sig=0.000).自70年代以来单次事故死亡人数没有明显减少,不同事故类型与死亡人数有明显不同(Asymp Sig=0.000),瓦斯事故、煤尘事故、火灾、水灾、煤与瓦斯突出等单次影响较大,事故的时间规律在日期上显现不明显(Asymp Sig=0.262).预防重、特大事故应尤其注意相应的时间段和相应的事故类型.     

我国生物质能源立法的可行性分析

生物质能源作为可再生能源的一种，具有许多优点。我国对于生物质能源的研究，也只有20多年的时间，而且我国的学者和科学家大多集中在对生物质能源利用技术的研究，对于生物质能源立法方面的研究则屈指可数。本文在前人研究成果的基础上，对我国生物质能源立法的可行性进行探讨，提出自己的一些浅薄见解，以填补我国学术界在这方面的空缺。     

The optimal balance of defence investment strategies in clonal colonies of social aphids

Social aphid species provide ideal systems to study the ecological influences upon the evolution of sociality because they consist of discrete colonies which are entirely clonal and therefore devoid of any genetic conflict over altruistic behaviour. Although selfishness can be discounted as an obstacle preventing the evolution of altruistic defenders, the vast majority of aphid species are not social. To examine the key life-history and ecological characteristics that interact to facilitate social evolution, we designed a matrix population model based on the natural history of one of the unique aphid species with soldiers, Pemphigus spyrothecae. In addressing the life-history factors, our special interest was to examine the optimal trade-off faced by colonies that can increase their defence investment by producing defenders at birth and/or increasing the duration of the defensive stage. The level and period of exposure to predation and a declining colony birth rate were key factors that selected for social defence. The model demonstrated that, in species which have soldiers that can facultatively develop to make a direct contribution to colony fitness, temporal extension of the soldier stage is a key mechanism of increasing defence investment. This extension is particularly favoured when predation is high and the lifetime of a colony is long. An increase in production of defenders at birth was favoured when mortality due to predation was strongly biased towards defenders. The model suggests that, in species which have the defensive flexibility of choosing whether soldiers remain as such, there is little requirement for flexibility in the morph allocations made at birth. All these predictions were found to be fully compatible with the available empirical data.     

对我国基层环境执法后督察机制建设的思考

介绍了我国基层环保部门执法后督察取得的成效、存在问题，并提出对策建议。     

Drain of the Yellow River at Shandong Section: Causes and Countermeasures

1Harmful impacts of the drain of the Yellow RiverAccording to existing hydrographic records,the drain of the Yellow River (hereinafter referred toas the Drain) has the following three features.(1 ) The annual starting date of the Drain has beenadvancing.(2 ) The drain season has been prolonging.(3) The drain section has been extendingtoward the upper reaches of the Yellow River.In 1 997,the Yellow River suffered a drain of 2 2 6days atthe locality of L ijin County,Shandong Province and o…     

岩溶泉口沉积物有机碳的来源及环境指示意义

灵水湖为岩溶大泉出口形成的水体,具有优良的水质和几乎恒定的水温,但近年来水生生态系统却发生退化,湖底水草几近绝迹。为了寻找退化原因,利用沉积物的有机碳及其同位素、总氮、烧失量、C/N比值环境代用指标,以及~(210)Pb测年来重建过去环境。结果显示,灵水湖沉积物具有稳定的沉积速率(1.769 cm/a),1957~2013年,δ~(13)C_(org)在-29.6‰~-20.3‰之间波动,与TOC有很好的负相关关系,C/N显示有机碳主要来源于内源的湖泊生物;1960至1990年期间,降雨量、气温和湖水最高水位与δ~(13)C_(org)均有一定的对应关系,是此阶段影响有机碳碳同位素的主要因素;而1990至2013年,尽管有机碳主要来源不变,但与降雨量、气温和湖水水位等无明显对应关系,说明影响此阶段有机碳碳同位素的还有人类活动等其它原因。总结该区水生环境演化模型,认为区域尺度的人类活动是导致局部尺度(泉口)环境变化的主要原因。